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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #cc0033; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">第一章</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #cc0033;"><font face="Times New Roman">
</font></span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #cc0033; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">外汇基础知识</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #cc0033;"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #cc0033;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p></font></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><strong><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #990000; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一、什么是外汇</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt;"><br/></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 外汇,即国外汇兑,本意是由于国际间的债权债务结算所引起的货币兑换行为。外汇主要是指外国货币</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">还同时包括以外国货币表示的用以进行国际结算的支付手段。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">外汇具有以下几个特点:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt;"><br/></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1、外汇必须以外国货币来表示;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt;"><br/></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2、在国外必须能得到偿付;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt;"><br/></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3、必须是可以自由兑换的货币。(注意:以不可兑换的货币表示的支付手段,不能作为外汇)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> <p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><strong><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #990000; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二、什么是外汇市场</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt;"><br/></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 外汇市场是指由银行等金融机构、自营交易商、大型跨国企业参与的,通过中介机构或电讯系统联结的,以各种货币为买卖对象的交易市场。它可以是有形的</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">---</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如外汇交易所,也可以是无形的</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">---</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如通过电讯系统交易的银行间外汇交易。据国际清算银行最新统计显示,国际外汇市场每日平均交易额约为</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1.5</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">万亿美元</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> <p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><strong><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #990000; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三、外汇市场的主要参与者</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt;"><br/></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">外汇市场的参与者主要包括各国的中央银行、商业银行、非银行金融机构、经纪人公司、自营商及大型跨国企业等。它们交易频繁,交易金额巨大,每笔交易均在几百万美元,甚至千万美元以上。外汇交易的参与者,按其交易的目的,可以划分为投资者和投机者两类。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> <p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><strong><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #990000; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四、外汇市场的特点</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt;"><br/></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 近年来,外汇市场之所以能迅速发展,为越来越多的人所青睐,成为国际上投资者的新宠儿,这与外汇市场本身的特点也分不开。外汇市场的主要特点是:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
<br/></font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="COLOR: red;">【有市无场】</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt;"><br/></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="COLOR: #666666;">西方工业国家的金融业基本上有两套系统,即集中买卖的中央操作和没有统筹场所的行商网络。股票买卖是通过交易所买卖的。像纽约证券交易所、伦敦证券交易所、东京证券交易所,分别是美国、英国、日本股票主要交易的场所,集中买卖的金融商品,</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666;"><font face="Times New Roman">–</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其报价、交易时间和交收程序都有统一的规定,并成立了同业协会,制定了同业守则。投资者则通过经纪公司买卖所有的商品,这就是</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有市有场</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。而外汇买卖则是通过没有统一操作市场的行商网络进行的,它不像股票交易有集中统一的地点。但是,外汇交易的网络却是全球性的,并且形成了没有组织的组织,市场是由大家认同的方式和先进的信息系统所联系,交易商也不具有任何组织的会员资格,但必须获得同行业的信任和认可。这种没有统一场地的外汇交易市场被称之为</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有市无场</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。全球外汇市场每天平均上万亿美元的交易。如此庞大的巨额资金,就是在这种既无集中的场所又无中央交收系统的管制,以及没有政府的监督下转来转去。尽管外汇市场</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有市无场</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但它具备信息公开、传递迅速等特点。因此,今后全球金融业将朝</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有市无场</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">方向发展。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666;"><font face="Times New Roman"> <p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">【回圈作业】</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt;"><br/></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="COLOR: #666666;">由于全球各金融中心的地理位置不同,亚洲市场、欧洲市场、美洲市场因时间差的关系,连成了一个全天24小时连续作业的全球外汇市场。早上8时半(以纽约时间为准)纽约市场开市,9时半芝加哥市场开市,10时半旧金山开市,18时半悉尼开市,19时半东京开市,20时半香港、新加坡开市,凌晨2时半法兰克福开市,3时半伦敦市场开市。如此24小时不间断运行,外汇市场成为一个不分昼夜的市场,只有星期六、星期日以及各国的重大节日,外汇市场才关闭。这种连续的作业,为投资者提供了没有时间和空间阻碍的理想投资场所,投资者可以寻找最佳的时机进行交易。比如,投资者若在上午纽约市场上买进日元,晚间香港市场开市后日元上扬,投资者在香港市场卖出,不管投资者本人在哪里,他都可以参与任何市场,任何时间的买卖。因此,可以说外汇市场是一个没有时间和空间阻碍的市场。</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666;"><font face="Times New Roman">
</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt;"><br/></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 【零和游戏】</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt;"><br/></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="COLOR: #666666;"> 零和游戏(zero-sum game),博弈论的一个概念,意指在游戏双方中,一方得益必然意味着一方吃亏。在股票市场上,某种股票或者整个股市上升或者下降,那幺,某种股票的价值或者整个股票市场的股票价值也会上升或下降,例如香港汇丰控股的股票价格从</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666;"><font face="Times New Roman">100</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">港元下跌到</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666;"><font face="Times New Roman">50</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">港元,这样汇丰控股全部股票的价值也随之减少了一半。然而,在外汇市场上,汇率的波动所表示的价值量的变化和股票价值量的变化完全不一样,这是由于汇率是指两国货币的交换比率,汇率的变化也就是一种货币价值的减少与另一种货币价值的增加。比如在22年前,1美元兑换360日元,目前,1美元兑换120日元,这说明日元币值上升,而美元币值下降,从总的价值量来说,变来变去,不会增加价值,也不会减少价值。因此,有人形容外汇交易是</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">零和游戏</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,更确切地说是财富的转移。近年来,投入外汇市场的资金越来越多,汇率波幅日益扩大,促使财富转移的规模也愈来愈大,速度也愈来愈快,以全球外汇每天1万亿美元的交易额来计算,上升或下跌1%,就是1千亿的资金要换新的主人。尽管外汇汇率变化很大,但是,任何一种货币都不会变为废纸,即使某种货币不断下跌,然而,它总会代表一定的价值,除非宣布废除该种货币。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #666666;"><font face="Times New Roman"> <p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">首先我们要了解外汇里分为那两种交易,其一,是保证金交易,也就是国外叫“做保”的简称。其二,是实盘交易,也就是国内各大银行的实盘外汇买卖,也叫“实盘”。下面就将这两种作祥细介绍。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p></p></span></p> |
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