这是我最近写的一篇essay， 大家可以借鉴一下，

wane

A Review on Sustainable Tourism or Ecotourism:
Focusing on Environments
However, every coin has its two sides. The tourism industry rapidly improved global economic growth. It but also brings many problems to society, environment and people’s life. It suggests that tourism brings a multitude of negative impacts. For example, the world environment is devaluing along with the expansion of tourism industry such as occupation of farm place, agriculture, land, resource depletion, habitat destruction, and soil rolling. As a result, the world tourism industry is prone to be uncontrolled, unsustainable and massed development (Harris, et al., 2002). Thus, in order to establish a worldwide balance in tourism industry, Eco-tourism or sustainable tourism development or was introduced by UNWTO in order to regulate its integrated impacts on social, economic, ecology and people’s living environment. It is the first time to bring tourism to world’s attention, the benefit of tourism, but also its capacity to destroy our environment.
Critically, in this essay, it has reviewed on new concepts of sustainable tourism or eco-tourism to exploit deeper understanding. Firstly, it introduced notion of sustainable tourism or eco-tourism in today. Next, it analyzed traditional tourism and its major players involving tourism industries such as governmental regulators, travel agencies, local community, and indigenous people, and so on. Then, it further explained why sustainable tourism can be important focusing on environment friendly. Fourthly, it investigated two examples of sustainable tourism development, from Finland and China. Finally, the essay attempted to make some recommendation for achievement of sustainable tourism or eco-tourism. That is ultimately aimed to express how people and environment relationship can be achieved and integrated into today’s rapid expanding tourism industry. Moreover, it provided new insights on improving people-environment harmony in future.
In this essay, it reflected on sustainability and eco-friendly tourism to review relevant issues such as conceptual definition problems of sustainable tourism, and reviewed nature of tourism industry, and approaches for ecotourism. Throughout analysis, the essay exploited balance among social, economic and environmental impacts brought by tourism industry. It suggested that ideal balance and reality balance among these factors is not identical since usually involving in other relations for sustainable tourism development. The essay suggested the sustainable tourism development should much more emphasized on environmental protection based on local community and sustainable development. At the end of essay, it introduced some new approaches to improve sustainable tourism or ecotourism focusing on examples from Finland and China. Although these approaches are not omnipotent or widely suited for all destinations, it recommended new approaches enable to improve degree of environmental or ecological friendly, to achieve sustainability of tourism industry.
In today, various tourism destinations are pressed to improve sustainability of tourism industry from compulsive force by local community, governmental policy and worldwide environmental values, since increasing devaluation of environment along with expansion of global visitors. Sustainable tourism or ecotourism highlights concerns to minimize environmental impacts and maximize overall socio-cultural and economic benefits. It exploits a leading management for all natural and cultural resources toward to an integrative balance (World Tourism Organization, 2000). Afterwards, various management tools are introduced as ways to reach sustainable tourism development. Unfortunately, the practical experiences proved that tools or mechanisms for sustainable tourism are more or less limited with disadvantages.
There, the essay suggested some new approaches to achieve sustainability in tourism industry. It believed that these approaches effectively avoid disadvantages and maximize advantages. There are two well developed models for managing sustainable tourism including community tourism and network management in destinations.
Firstly, Developing tourism beyond environmental consideration as Community tourism. This approach was developed by Neto (2007). He suggested sustainable tourism should not focus on environmental protection in destinations, though tourism industry hence produced lots of environmental devaluation over the years. The importance is that tourism industry also produced large impacts on socio-cultural and economic development. Thus, Neto pointed out sustainable tourism or eco-tourism should much more emphasize on social and cultural priority through the community participation and poverty reduction. Particularly, he proposed a pro-poor tourism approach. Community tourism is exactly developed in order to achieve the reality balance of sustainability for destinations (Sustainable tourism, 2008). In this approach, community benefits are posed at the first position of development. Meanwhile, it suggested that new approach should not neglect the problem of poverty for local people and resorted to environmental protection (Nicanor, 2001).
Secondly, adopting innovative organization management strategy in destinations with network management and system theory. Looking back the problematic analysis for traditional tourism industry, Lebe and Milfelner (2006) developed a non-urban suited approach for sustainable tourism. The approach means a new learning outcome from tourism management and developed one systematical system to deal with the issues of sustainability in destinations. But there is a limitation that the approach was intended to search an optimal organizational model in tourism industry. It requires tourism organizations hold very well designed system for management.
Furthermore, based on the experience of Europe sustainable tourism, the EU recently adopted the concept of integrated quality management (IQM) as an important system for defining the implementation of sustainable tourism (WTO, 2004). It is said that the IQM system is not like a tourism and but also it is a management methods for tourism organizations, which intended to manage the context of protected areas in sustainable tourism. As a process of management, it also emphasized on the process of visitors while touring the destinations through improving the quality of tourism, as well as influencing the tourists’ activities.