中四化学 O 水准模拟考必出题型2024

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中四 O水准考试 是所有中学生要面临的一次重大考试。这考试会直接影响他们未来的学习路程，是否能上高中或是去理工学院,甚至于去工艺教育学院。在这9月份，他们会有一次彩排的机会，那就是中四学校的模拟考试。这也是一场重要的考试。因为这后冠病时代，学生有可能因为冠病不能去考试，而只能用模拟考的成绩来估算出成绩。因此，模拟考变得格外重要。
本人拥有18年的教学经验。以下是我押的重要必出的题型。

Question type tested in Sec 4 Pure Chemistry Prelim Exam2024

1.     1.  Experimental Chemistry

·       Methods to use for collecting different types ofgases

·       Uses of different separation techniques fordifferent mixtures

·       How paper chromatography works

·       Why the spot on paper chromatography does notmove

·       How to calculate Rf value on paperchromatography

·       How does fractional distillation work

·       Order of fraction getting distilled

·       Uses of fractionating column and Liebigcondenser

·       Using melting or boiling point to determinepurity of substance

2.     2. Kinetic Particle Theory

·       Arrangement and movement of particles in solid,liquid and gases

·       Changes in arrangement and movement duringchange of state

·       Evidence of Brownian motion

·       Rate of diffusion of gases based on relative molecularmass

3.      3. Atomic Structure

·       Calculating number of neutrons, protons andelectrons in atoms, isotopes and ions

·       Drawing dot cross diagram for atoms, isotopesand ions

·       Atomic models (Plum-pudding model, Bohr model,Quantum model)

·       How to determine if atoms are isotopes

·       Electron orbitals and ionisation energy

4.      4. Chemical Bonding

·       Why do atoms form bonds

·       Definition of ionic, covalent, metallic bonds

·       Drawing dot cross diagram for ionic and covalentcompounds

·       Describe how are ionic and covalent bonds formed

·       Number of pairs of bonding electrons

·       Bond length and energy

·       Coordinate bonds and polar covalent molecules

5.      5. Structure and Properties of Materials

·       Identifying elements, compounds and mixtures

·       Explaining melting point and boiling point ofsubstances based on structure and bonding

·       Explaining electrical conductivity of substancebased on structure and bonding

·       Explaining physical properties of materialsbased on structure and bonding

·       Benefits of alloy compared to pure metal

·       Define allotropes and properties of allotropes ofcarbon

·       Deduce the properties of material based onsimilar structure of known substances

6.      6. Chemical Formulas and Equations

·       Writing chemical formula for covalent and ioniccompounds

·       Balancing chemical reaction equations

·       Writing ionic equations

·       Deducing the products from the reactants

7.      7. Mole Concept and Stoichiometry

·       How to calculate number of mole of molecules,atoms, electrons, ions

·       How to calculate concentration, mole, mass andvolume of gas at rtp

·       Definition of relative atomic mass and relativemolecular mass

·       Finding empirical formula and molecular formulabased on percentage by mass

·       Calculating percentage by mass according tomolecular weight

·       Calculating theoretical yield and percentageyield

·       Calculating volume and concentration ofreactants based on stoichiometry

·       Volume and concentration for dilutingconcentrated solution

·       Calculating the number of moles of water ofcrystallisation

8.      8. Acids and Bases

·       Definition of Arrhenius acid and base, alkali

·       Properties of acid and alkali

·       Identify Bronsted-Lowry acid base and Lewis acidbase in equation

·       Strength of acid based on degree of dissociationand value of dissociation constant

·       What determines the acidity of acid and basicityof base

·       Identify conjugate acid and base pair, andconjugate base and acid pair

·       pH scale and pH indicators

·       Calculation pH based on concentration ofhydrogen ions

·       Equations of acids and bases, chemical formulasof common acid and alkali

·       Types of oxides: Basic, Acidic, Amphoteric,Neutral

9.      9. Salts

·       Definition of salt and how salts are formed

·       Solubility of different salts

·       How to prepare salts: Precipitation, titration,crystallisation

·       Types of metals that can be used safely toproduce salts (Less reactive than Calcium and more reactive than hydrogen)

·       Uses of salts

·       Decomposition of salts on heating  

10.   10. Ammonia

·       Reversible reaction for forming Ammonia

·       Chemical equilibrium and Le Chatelier’sPrinciple

·       Haber process and conditions for the reaction

·       Uses of ammonia

11.   11. Qualitative Analysis

·       Test for cation and anions

·       Test for gases

·       Compound base on colour

·       Deduce the identity of the precipitate

12.   12. Oxidation and Reduction

·       Definitions of oxidation and reduction

·       How to explain if the reaction is a redoxreaction

·       Calculating oxidation states

·       Types of oxidising agent and reducing agent

13.   13. Electrochemistry

·       Ease of discharge of ions at anode and cathode

·       Substance formed at electrode using differentconcentration of electrolyte

·       Writing half equations at anode and cathode

·       Calculating the amount of metal discharged atthe cathode and amount of gas at the anode

·       Calculating amount of electrons used todischarge metal ion

·       Different metals of electrodes determine amountof emf produced

·       Determining the polarity of electrodes in simplecell, Danielle cell and electrolytic setup

·       Hydrogen fuel cell: How it works, products atthe respective electrodes

14.   14. The Periodic Table

·       Arrangement of elements on the periodic tableaccording to proton number, number of outermost electrons (Groups) and numberof electron shells (Periods)

·       Trends across the period (metal to non-metals,basic to amphoteric to acidic oxides)

·       Trends and properties in Group I and VII

·       Uses of Group 0 elements

·       Properties of transition elements

15.   15. The Reactivity Series

·       Properties of metals

·       Order of reactivity series

·       Reactions of metals with water and acid (orderof reactivity)

·       Explain why metals does not react with acids

·       Rusting and how to prevent rusting (Sacrificialprotection, electroplating)

·       Displacement reactions

·       Extraction of metal from ores (Electrolysis: Al,Reduction: Fe; Blast furnace)

16.   16. Chemical Energetics

·       Energy change during chemical reaction explainedusing bond breaking and bond forming

·       Identifying exothermic and endothermic reactions

·       Definition of activation energy and enthalpychange

·       Drawing energy profile diagram and energy leveldiagram

·       Calculating enthalpy change based on bond energy

17.   17. Rate of Reactions

·       Explaining rate of reaction based on particlecollision theory

·       Factors affecting rate of reactions(Temperature, concentration, pressure, size of reactants, catalyst)

·       Explaining how change in factors changes therate of reaction

·       Deduce the volume and concentration of reactantsbased on product time graph

·       Draw Maxwell-Boltzmann graph on how temperatureaffect number of particles with minimum activation energy

·       Calculating rate of reaction from volume ofgaseous produce form, mass of reaction mixture decrease, 1/time

·       Determine the order of reaction of reactantbased on experiment comparing change in concentration of reactant and rate ofreaction

18.   18. Fuels and Crude Oil

·       How to separate the different fractions in crudeoil

·       The uses of the different fractions of crude oil

·       The basis of separation of fraction usingfractional distillation

·       Advantages and disadvantages of new forms offuel (Hydrogen and ethanol)

19.   19. Hydrocarbons

·       Definition of hydrocarbons and homologous series

·       Identify the general formula and functionalgroups of homologous series (Even those that were not taught)

·       Naming the hydrocarbons (IUPAC name)

·       Properties and trend of alkanes and alkenes

·       Explaining trends of alkane and alkenes based onstructure and bond

·       How to define saturated hydrocarbon

·       Drawing and identifying isomers of hydrocarbons

·       Writing reactions and conditions for alkanes andalkenes

20.   20. Alcohol, Carboxylic Acids and Esters

·       Identify general formula and functional groupsof alcohol, carboxylic acid and esters

·       Naming of alcohol, carboxylic acid and esters(IUPAC name)

·       Properties and trends of alcohol, carboxylicacids and esters

·       Writing reactions and conditions for alcohol,carboxylic acids and esters

·       How to obtain alcohol, carboxylic acids andesters from hydrocarbons

·       Obtaining alcohol through fermentation

·       Qualitative analysis of organic compounds

21.   21. Polymers

·       Types of polymers and their uses

·       Identify polymers formed from condensationpolymerisation and additional polymerisation

·       Identify monomers of polymers

·       Identify different linkage in different polymers

·       Effects of disposing plastics in the environment

·       Advantages and disadvantages of recyclingplastics

22.   22. Maintaining Air Quality

·       Percentage composition of air

·       Determine percentage of oxygen in air bycombustion or rusting

·       Sources of air pollution (Natural, bycombustion)

·       Effects of air pollutants

·       Effects and causes of global warming

·       Effects and causes of ozone depletion

·       Identify carbon sinks in carbon cycle

·       Reactions in catalytic convertor

后面会包括一些例题

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