先祝各位粑粑麻麻和所有宝贝们新年快乐~~身体健康~万事如意~大人有钱花，孩子们有骨头啃~~
还是老话题，绝育or不绝育~
之前和多位家长讨论出的意见是：绝育好过不绝育。绝育可以杜绝一些中年以后发生的子宫和卵巢的疾病。
为了我家小宝能够顺利手术，在网上搜了一些帖子，看到这个，我又有点犹豫了。。
说绝育的狗狗在老年期会比较迟钝。。健忘。。等等，绝育也增加了患其他毛病的几率。。
纠结啊。。
这篇论文是个美国人写的 Associate Professor and Chair Rutgers
University
正文开始： 公狗篇
On balance, it appears that no compelling case can be made for neutering most male dogs, especially immature male dogs, in order to prevent future health problems. The number of health problems associated with neutering may exceed the associated health benefits in most cases. 总的来说，几乎没有令人信服的理由可以为大多数公狗做绝育，特别是给不成熟的狗狗说是为了将来的健康。在大多数案例中，很多健康问题做了绝育的狗得的几率可能大于没做绝育的。 On the positive side, neutering male dogs 好处
• eliminates the small risk (probably <1%) of dying from testicular cancer
减小狗狗死于睾丸癌的可能（几率小于百分之一）
• reduces the risk of non-cancerous prostate disorders
减小得非癌症的前列腺疾病的风险
• reduces the risk of perianal fistulas
减小肛周瘘管病的几率（这个我完全是直接翻译的医学词汇，有点不太懂）
• may possibly reduce the risk of diabetes (data inconclusive)
可能减少得糖尿病的几率（没有数据支持）
On the negative side, neutering male dogs坏处
• if done before 1 year of age, significantly increases the risk of osteosarcoma (bone cancer); this is a common cancer in medium/large and larger breeds with a poor prognosis.
如果绝育做在1岁以前，非常明显的增加了患骨肉瘤（骨癌）的风险。这是非常常见的癌症对于中大型犬来说，当时非常不容易预防
• increases the risk of cardiac hemangiosarcoma by a factor of 1.6
增加了1.6倍患心血管瘤（之类的疾病）的风险
• triples the risk of hypothyroidism
增加3倍，甲状腺机能退化的风险
• increases the risk of progressive geriatric cognitive impairment
增加老年认知功能障碍的危险
• triples the risk of obesity, a common health problem in dogs with many associated health problems
增加了肥胖的问题达3倍之多，以及一切其他健康问题
• quadruples the small risk (<) of prostate cancer
增加4倍小的风险得前列腺癌（小于百分之0.6）
• doubles the small risk (<1%) of urinary tract cancers
增加2倍小的风险得泌尿系统癌症（小于百分之1）
• increases the risk of orthopedic disorders
增加了骨科疾病的危险
• increases the risk of adverse reactions to vaccinations
增加了对疫苗接种不良反应的危险 母狗篇
For female dogs, the situation is more complex. The number of health benefits associated with spaying may exceed the associated health problems in some (not all) cases. On balance, whether spaying improves the odds of overall good health or degrades them probably depends on the age of the female dog and the relative risk of various diseases in the different breeds.
母狗的情况就比较复杂。绝育之后的健康问题可能比不绝育的狗狗多，对于大多数的案例来说（不是全部案例）。总的来说，增加危险还是减少危险，对于母狗来说，取决于不同种类的犬种。 On the positive side, spaying female dogs好处
• if done before 2.5 years of age, greatly reduces the risk of mammary tumors, the most common
malignant tumors in female dogs
如果在2.5岁之前做，可以很明显的减少患乳腺肿瘤的几率。乳腺肿瘤在母狗中是非常常见的疾病
• nearly eliminates the risk of pyometra, which otherwise would affect about 23% of intact female
dogs; pyometra kills about 1% of intact female dogs
几乎消除了患子宫肿瘤（肌瘤这类的，医学用词翻译不准啊），否则23%的几率会得子宫病。没做绝育的母狗中有1%死于子宫病
• reduces the risk of perianal fistulas
减小肛周瘘管病的几率（这个我完全是直接翻译的医学词汇，有点不太懂）
• removes the very small risk (_) from uterine, cervical, and ovarian tumors
减少非常小的几率（）得这些病：子宫，子宫颈和乳房瘤 On the negative side, spaying female dogs 坏处
• if done before 1 year of age, significantly increases the risk of osteosarcoma (bone cancer); this is a common cancer in larger breeds with a poor prognosis
如果在1岁之前做，明显增加了得肉骨瘤（骨癌）的风险。这种癌在大型犬中非常常见，且很难预防
• increases the risk of splenic hemangiosarcoma by a factor of 2.2 and cardiac hemangiosarcoma by a factor of >5; this is a common cancer and major cause of death in some breeds
增加了2.2倍的可能患脾肌瘤（这个医学词我有点拿不准哦）和大于5倍的可能患心血管肌瘤。
这些都是常见的疾病，在多数案例中，会因为这个病而死亡
• triples the risk of hypothyroidism
增加3倍的可能性患甲状腺机能减退
• increases the risk of obesity by a factor of 1.6-2, a common health problem in dogs with many
associated health problems
增加肥胖的几率为1.6-2倍
• causes urinary “spay incontinence” in 4-20% of female dogs
导致小便失禁的不良反应在4-20%的母狗中出现
• increases the risk of persistent or recurring urinary tract infections by a factor of 3-4
增加了持续或反复出现尿路感染的几率高达3-4倍
• increases the risk of recessed vulva, vaginal dermatitis, and vaginitis, especially for female dogs spayed before puberty
增加了阴道炎，阴道性皮炎和外阴炎症的可能。特别是在青春期之前就做绝育的母狗
• doubles the small risk (<1%) of urinary tract tumors
增加2倍小几率（小于1%）患泌尿系统肿瘤的几率
• increases the risk of orthopedic disorders
增加了骨科疾病的几率
• increases the risk of adverse reactions to vaccinations
增加了对疫苗接种不良反应的危险
Advantages好处Besides being a birth control method, neutering[males]/spaying[females] has the following health benefits:
除了可以控制繁殖之外，绝育还有以下优点：
Prevention of mammary tumors: Female cats and dogs are seven times more likely to develop mammary tumors if they are not spayed before their first heat cycle. The risk is generally estimated at 25% over a lifetime in unspayed females, meaning that the risk is reduced to ca. over a lifetime in females spayed before their first heat.
预防乳腺肿瘤：母狗和猫有7倍多的可能得这种病，如果没有在他们第一次发情之前做绝育。
Pyometra is prevented, either due to the removal of the organ (when ovariohysterectomy is performed) and/or because of the lack of female sex hormones (oestrogen and progesterone) after spaying.
子宫积脓是可以防止的，在拿掉子宫（绝育）之后。因为很少的女性荷尔蒙会产生在绝育之后。 Uterine cancer, ovarian cancer and testicular cancer are prevented due to the removal of the susceptible organs. These cancers are uncommon in dogs and cats, with only a 1% risk of obtaining testicular or ovarian cancer.
子宫癌，卵巢癌和睾丸癌都可以防止，在绝育之后。不过，这些癌症，在猫和狗当中是不常见的，大概只有1%的几率会患这些病。 Disadvantages 坏处 General 总的来说．
As with any surgical procedure, immediate complications of neutering include the usual anesthetic and surgical complications, such as bleeding and infection. These risks are relatively low in routine spaying and neutering; however, they may be increased for some animals due to other pre-existing health factors. In one study the risk of anesthetic-related death (not limited to neutering procedures) was estimated at for healthy dogs and for healthy cats. The risk for sick dogs and cats were and respectively
对于任何外科手术，都是有一定风险的，包括出血啊，或者对麻醉的不适应等，不过在正规的绝育手术中，这个风险相对较小。不过，还是有可能引发一些，狗狗本身之前就有的一些病症。在一个调查报告中指出，狗和猫死于有关麻醉的问题，大概，健康狗是，健康猫是。当时在有病的狗狗和猫猫中，分别是和
Neutered dogs and cats of both genders have an increased risk of obesity. Theories for this include reduced metabolism, reduced activity, and eating more due to altered feeding behavior
绝育后的猫和狗无论什么性别，都有增加肥胖的可能。 造成的原因包括：新陈代谢变慢，活跃性变小和改变了喂养习惯。
Neutered dogs of both genders are at a twofold excess risk to develop osteosarcoma as compared to intact dogs, as well as an increased risk of hemangiosarcoma and urinary tract cancer.
绝育的狗狗患骨肉瘤的几率大于没绝育的狗狗，和增加患血管肉瘤和尿道癌一样。
Neutered dogs of both genders have a 27% to 38% increased risk of adverse reactions to vaccinations. The incidence of adverse reactions for neutered and intact dogs combined is
绝育的狗狗对 疫苗接种不良反应的几率大概为27%-38%。 对所有狗狗来说，几率是
Neutered dogs have also been known to develop hormone-responsive alopecia (hair loss)
狗狗也会因为荷尔蒙的发生而脱发。
Specific to Males
对公狗
Neutered male dogs display a fourfold increased incidence of prostate cancer over intact males.
绝育的狗狗，增加了4倍患前列腺癌的几率 In a study of 29 intact male dogs and 47 castrated males aged 11–14, the neutered males were significantly more likely to progress from one geriatric cognitive impairment condition (out of the four conditions - disorientation in the house or outdoors, changes in social interactions with human family members, loss of house training, and changes in the sleep-wake cycle) to two or more conditions. Testosterone in intact males is thought to slow the progression of cognitive impairment, at least in dogs that already have mild impairment.
在一个研究中，29个没做绝育的狗狗和47个做了绝育的狗狗，年纪在11-14岁之间。绝育的狗狗有明显的老年反应（其中包括4个项目—迷失方向，无论在家还是在外面；于人的互动；在家里训练的遗忘；还有睡觉和起床循环的不同）
睾丸激素在没有做绝育的狗狗中，可以减少老化的问题。
Specific to Females 对于母狗
Spayed female dogs can develop urinary incontinence. Studies report incidence rates of to 20%.
绝育对于母狗来说，会导致小便失调。报告证明，这种几率是从提升到20%。
Spayed female dogs are at an increased risk of hypothyroidism
母狗绝育会提升对甲状腺机能的退化 Despite the risk of pyometra being greatly reduced in spayed females, Stump pyometra may still occur in this group
虽然做了绝育的狗狗患子宫积脓的可能性大大减低，不过不是完全没有可能
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