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<P>一． 不一致（disagreements）<br>所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致 时态不一致及代词不一 致等．<br>例１． when one have money ,he can do what he want to .<br>(人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么．)<br>剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has ;同理，want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致．<br>改为： once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do) <br></P>
<P>二． 修饰语错位（misplaced modifiers）<br>英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化．对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解．例１． i believe i can do it well and i will better know the world outside the campus.<br>剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末．</P>
<P>三． 句子不完整（sentence fragments）<br>在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解．可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生．<br>例１． there are many ways to know the society. for example by tv ,radio ,newspaper and so on .<br>剖析：本句后半部分＂for example by tv ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句．<br>改为：there are many ways to know society ,for example ,by tv ,radio ,and newspaper.</P>
<P>四． 悬垂修饰语（dangling modifiers）<br>所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清．例如：at the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中＂at the age of ten＂只点出十岁时，但没有说明” 谁”十岁时．按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了．<br>改为：<br>when i was ten, my grandfather died.<br>例１． to do well in college, good grades are essential.<br>剖析：句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚．<br>改为：<br>to do well in college, a student needs good grades.</P>
<P>五． 词性误用(misuse of parts of speech)<br>“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等．<br>例１． none can negative the importance of money.<br>剖析：negative 系形容词，误作动词。<br>改为：<br>none can deny the importance of money.</P>
<P>六． 指代不清(ambiguous reference of pronouns)<br>指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句：<br>mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.<br>(玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。)<br>读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为：<br>mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.<br>例1. and we can also know the society by serving it yourself.<br>剖析：句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为：<br>we can also know society by serving it ourselves.</P>
<P>七． 不间断句子(run-on sentences)<br>什么叫run-on sentence?请看下面的例句。<br>例１． there are many ways we get to know the outside world. <br>剖析：这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：“there are many ways.” 以及“we get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。<br>改为：<br>there are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或：<br>there are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside <br>world</P>
<P>八． 措词毛病(troubles in diction)<br>diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题，囿于教学时间紧迫，教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限，影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲，斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。<br>例１． the increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.<br>(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)<br>剖析：显然，考生把obstacles“障碍”，“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。<br>改为：<br>the abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.</P>
<P>九． 累赘(redundancy)<br>言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词；写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组；能用词组的不用从句或句子。如：<br>in spite of the fact that he is lazy, i like him.<br>本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句，我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为：in spite of his laziness, i like him.<br>例１． for the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need.<br>剖析：整个句子可以大大简化。<br>改为：<br>diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.</P>
<P>十． 不连贯(incoherence)<br>不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。<br>例１． the fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth. <br>剖析：the fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。it 与things 在数方面不一致。<br>改为：<br>fresh water is the most important thing in the world.</P>
<P>十一． 综合性语言错误(comprehensive misusage)<br>所谓“综合性语言错误”，是指除了上述十种错误以外，还有诸如时态，语态，标点符号，大小写等方面的错误。<br>例1．today, money to everybody is very importance, our’s eat, cloth, live, go etc.</P>[/hide]
[此贴子已经被作者于2006-2-28 20:03:59编辑过] |
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